Introduction to Optical Mineralogy William D. Nesse.

Machine generated contents note: -- Table of Contents -- Preface xi -- Chapter 1: Light 1 -- The Nature of Light 1 -- Electromagnetic Radiation 1 -- Phase 3 -- The Perception of Color 4 -- Interaction of Light and Matter 5 -- Transmitted Light 5 -- Velocity 5 -- Index of Refraction 5 -- Reflection 7 -- Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection 7 -- Optical Class 8 -- Dispersion 9 -- Optical Indicatrix 9 -- Light Absorption and Color 10 -- Polarized Light 10 -- Polarization by Double Refraction 11 -- Polarization by Reflection 12 -- Polarization by Scattering 13 -- Chapter 2: The Petrographic Microscope 14 -- Direction Conventions 14 -- Samples 14 -- Illuminator 15 -- Substage Assembly 16 -- Microscope Stage 17 -- Objective Lenses 17 -- Vertical Illuminator 18 -- Upper Polarizer 18 -- Bertrand Lens 19 -- Ocular 19 -- Focusing Mechanism 19 -- Accessories 20 -- Additional Equipment 20 -- General Care of the Microscope 21 -- Adjustment of the Microscope 21 -- Adjusting the Oculars 21 -- Focusing 22 -- Adjusting the Illuminator 22 -- Centering the Objectives 22 -- Adjusting the Substage 23 -- Alignment of Polarizers 23 -- General Considerations 24 -- Chapter 3: Refractometry 25 -- Relief 25 -- Becke Line Method 25 -- Dispersion Effects 28 -- Oblique Illumination Method 30 -- Practical Considerations 31 -- Accuracy of the Immersion Method 32 -- Determining Indices of Refraction in Thin Section 33 -- Chapter 4: Optics of Isotropic Materials 34 -- Isotropic Indicatrix 34 -- Distinguishing Between Isotropic and Anisotropic Minerals 34 -- Indentification of Isotropic Minerals 34 -- Grain Mount 35 -- Thin Section 36 -- Chapter 5: Optics of Anisotropic Minerals: Introduction 37 -- Interference Phenomena 39 -- Monocromatic Illumination 39 -- Retardation 39 -- Birefringence 40 -- Interference of the Two Rays 40 -- Polychromatic Illumination 41 -- Orders of Interference Colors 43 -- Anomalous Interference Colors 43 -- Determining Thickness of a Sample 43 -- Thin Section 43 -- Grain Mount 44 -- Determining Birefringence from the Color Chart 45 -- Thin Section 45 -- Grain Mount 45 -- Recognizing the Different Orders of Interference Colors 45 -- Extinction 45 -- Categories of Extinction 46 -- Use of the Accessory Plates 47 -- Sign of Elongation 50 -- Relief 51 -- Pleochroism 51 -- Chapter 6: Uniaxial Optics 53 -- Optic Sign 53 -- Crystallographic Considerations 54 -- Uniaxial Indicatrix 55 -- Use of the Indicatrix 56 -- Birefringence and Interference Colors 58 -- Extinction 60 -- Tetragonal Minerals 61 -- Hexagonal Minerals 61 -- Rhombohedral Cleavage 61 -- Prismatic and Pinacoidal Cleavage 61 -- Pleochroism 64 -- Interference Figure 65 -- Optic Axis Interference Figure 65 -- Formation of Isochromes 66 -- Formation of Isogyres 67 -- Determining Optic Sign 67 -- Off-Center Optic Axis Figure 69 -- Flash Figure 69 -- Selecting Grains to Give Interference Figures 72 -- Optic Axis Figure 72 -- Flash Figure 72 -- Determining Indices of Refraction 72 -- Grain Mount 72 -- Determining n? 72 -- Determining n? 73 -- Thin Section 74 -- Spindle Stage 74 -- Chapter 7: Biaxial Optics 76 -- Biaxial Indicatrix 76 -- Mathematical Relationships 78 -- Use of the Indicatrix 79 -- Normal Incidence Parallel to an Indicatrix Axis 81 -- Normal Incidence Parallel to an Optic Axis 81 -- Normal Indicidence in a Random Direction 82 -- Inclined Incidence 82 -- Crystallographic Orientation of Indicatrix Axes 83 -- Orthorhombic Minerals 83 -- Monoclinic Minerals 84 -- Triclinic Minerals 84 -- Biaxial Interference Figure 84 -- Acute Bisectrix Figure 85 -- Formation of Isochromes 85 -- Vibration Directions and Formation of Isogyres 86 -- Centered Optic Axis Figure 88 -- Obtuse Bisectrix Figure 89 -- Optic Normal Figure 89 -- Off-Center Figures 90 -- Determining Optic Sign 91 -- Acute Bisectrix Figure 91 -- Obtuse Bisectrix Figure 94 -- Optic Axis Figure 91 -- Flash Figures 91 -- Determining 2V 95 -- 2V Versus 2E 95 -- Mallard's Method 95 -- Tobi's Method 96 -- Kamb's Method 97 -- Wright Method 98 -- Selecting Grains to Produce Interference Figures 99 -- Pleochroism 101 -- Extinction 101 -- Orthorhombc Minerals 101 -- Monoclinic Minerals 102 -- Triclinic Minerals 103 -- Sign of Elongation 103 -- Indices of Refraction 104 -- Grain Mount 104 -- Spindle Stage 104 -- Dispersion in Biaxial Minerals 106 -- Orthorhombic Minerals 106 -- Monoclinic Minerals 107 -- Triclinic Minerals 108 -- Chapter 8: Reflected Light Optics 110 -- Physical Properties Observed with Polished Sections 110 -- Crystal Form and Habit 110 -- Hardness 111 -- Observation in Plane Polarized Light 114 -- Reflectance 114 -- Bireflectance 115 -- Measurement of Reflectance and Bireflectance 116 -- Color and Pleochroism 117 -- Isotropic Minerals 117 -- Anisotropic Minerals 117 -- Observations with Crossed Polarizers 118 -- Polarization Colors 118 -- Isotropic Minerals 118 -- Anisotropic Minerals 118 -- Internal Reflections 119 -- Observations Related to Conoscopic Illumination 120 -- Practical Considerations 120 -- Chapter 9: Indentification of Minerals 122 -- Descriptive Features 122 -- Cleavage 122 -- Twinning 122 -- Alteration 123 -- Association 123 -- Tactics for Mineral Identification 123 -- Thin Section Identification 123 -- Grain Mount Identification 124 -- Polished Section Identification 125 -- Use of the Identification Tables 125 -- Nonminerals 126 -- Problems in Paradise 126 -- Inconsistencies in Crystallographic Settings 127 -- Poor Data 127 -- Chapter 10: Framework Silicates 128 -- Silica Group 128 -- Quartz 128 -- Chalcedony 128 -- Tridymite 131 -- Cristobalite 132 -- Opal 132 -- Volcanic Glass 133 -- Feldspars 134 -- Plagioclase 135 -- Thin Section 138 -- Grain Mount 142 -- Alkali Feldspars 144 -- Sanidine 148 -- Orthoclase 149 -- Microcline 150 -- Adularia 150 -- Anorthoclase 151 -- Feldspathoids 151 -- Nepheline 151 -- Sodalite Group 153 -- Leucite 153 -- Cancrinite-Vishnevite 154 -- Zeolites 155 -- Analcime (Analcite) 156 -- Natrolite 157 -- Thomsonite 158 -- Stilbite 159 -- Chabazite 159 -- Heulandite 160 -- Laumondite 161 -- Other Minerals and Mineraloids 162 -- Scapolite 162 -- Chapter 11: Sheet Silicates 164 -- TO Layer Silicates 166 -- Kaolinite 166 -- Serpentine 166 -- TOT Layer Silicates 167 -- Pyrophyllite 167 -- Talc 168 -- TOT + Interlayer Cation Layer Silicates 169 -- Muscovite 169 -- Biotite 171 -- Lepidolite 173 -- Glauconite 174 -- Margarite 175 -- Clintonite 175 -- TOT + O Layer Silicates 176 -- Chlorite 176 -- Clay Minerals 178 -- Other Sheet Silicates 180 -- Stilpnomelane 180 -- Prehnite 181 -- Apophyllite 182 -- Chapter 12: Chain Silicates 184 -- Pyroxenes 185 -- Enstatite-Ferrosilite (Orthopyroxene) 187 -- Pigeonite 190 -- Calcic Clinopyroxene (Augite) 192 -- Aegirine, Aegirine-Augite 194 -- Omphacite 196 -- Jadeite 197 -- Spodumene 198 -- Amphiboles 199 -- Anthophyllite 202 -- Gedrite 204 -- Cummingtonite-Grunerite 205 -- Tremolite-Actinolite-Ferro-Actinolite 207 -- Hornblende 208 -- Oxyhornblende 210 -- Kaersutite 211 -- Richterite 212 -- Arfvedsonite and Eckermannite 213 -- Glaucophane-Riebeckite Series 215 -- Pyroxenoids 217 -- Wollastonite 217 -- Rhodonite 218 -- Pectolite 219 -- Other Chain Silicates 220 -- Sapphirine 220 -- Chapter 13: Disilicates and Ring Silicates 223 -- Disilicates 223 -- Lawsonite 223 -- Pumpellyite 224 -- Melilite 226 -- Vesuvianite (Idocrase) 227 -- Epidote Group 227 -- Zoisite 228 -- Clinozoisite-Epidote 229 -- Piemontite 232 -- Allanite 233 -- Ring Silicates 234 -- Tourmaline 234 -- Axinite 236 -- Beryl 237 -- Cordierite 238 -- Chapter 14: Orthosilicates 241 -- Olivine 241 -- Monticellite 243 -- Humite Group 244 -- Garnet Group 246 -- Andalusite 248 -- Sillimanite 250 -- Kyanite 252 -- Staurolite 253 -- Chloritoid 255 -- Titanite (Sphene) 256 -- Topaz 257 -- Zircon 259 -- Dumortierite 260 -- Chapter 15: Carbonates, Borates, Sulfates, and Phosphates 262 -- Carbonates 262 -- Calcite 264 -- Magnesite 266 -- Siderite 266 -- Rhodochrosite 267 -- Dolomite-Ankerite 268 -- Aragonite 270 -- Strontianite 271 -- Witherite 272 -- Malachite 272 -- Azurite 272 -- Borates 273 -- Borax 273 -- Colemanite 275 -- Sulfates 275 -- Barite 275 -- Celestine (Celestite) 276 -- Gypsum 277 -- Anhydrite 278 -- Alunite 279 -- Phosphates 280 -- Apatite 280 -- Monazite 282 -- Xenotime 283 -- Chapter 16: Native Elements, Sulfides, Halides, Oxides, and Hydroxides 285 -- Native Elements 285 -- Sulfur 285 -- Graphite 286 -- Gold 286 -- Silver 287 -- Copper 287 -- Sulfides and Related Minerals 288 -- Pyrite 293 -- Marcasite 294 -- Sphalerite 295 -- Galena 296 -- Pyrrhotite 296 -- Chalcopyrite 297 -- Halides 297 -- Halite 297 -- Sylvite 298 -- Fluorite 299 -- Oxides 299 -- Periclase 299 -- Cuprite 300 -- Rutile 300 -- Anatase 301 -- Cassiterite 302 -- Corundum 303 -- Hematite 304 -- Ilmenite 305 -- Perovskite 306 -- Chrysoberyl 306 -- The Spinel Group 307 -- Spinel Series 307 -- Magnetite 308 -- Chromite 309 -- Hydroxides 309 -- Brucite 309 -- Gibbsite 310 -- Diaspore 311 -- B©℗℗ưhmite (Boehmite) 312 -- Goethite 313 -- Lepidocrocite 314 -- Limonite 315 -- Appendix A: Sample Presentation 316 -- Grain Mount 316 -- Thin Section 316 -- Spindle Stage 317 -- Polished Section 317 -- Appendix B: Indentification Tables 319 -- Appendix C: Mineral Associations 335 -- Mineral Index 339 -- Subject Index 339.

"Advanced undergraduate and graduate textbook for students in optical mineralogy, petrology, and petrography courses"--